Greatest inventions to change the world (9 form)

There could not be any development without inventions. Modern world can be called the world of technology, but the way to this title was rather long. Nowadays there are numerous laboratories discovering something new on a daily basis, but there are some inventions that date back centuries, but are still the core of the modern science. Almost all of contemporary discoveries have been based on previous inventions, so we should give credit to those talented inventors, who laid the foundation for our comfort. Let us remember the most crucial inventions and their creators, who paved the way to our easy-going life.

A wheel is one of the most ancient people’s inventions. It is the thing that lets us move nowadays, but became a revolt in manufacturing hundreds of years ago. It is supposed that a wheel was discovered 3,000 years ago by potters and helped to carry different goods. It was a real boost when the wheel was enhanced to the extent that it became a part of the vehicle. The invention of the wheel is a concept that lay grounds for many other inventions we can not live without.

A steam engine invention can be called a key to our modern transportation and industries. Though we use more developed engines nowadays, all of them work in the same way – burning fuel is conversed into kinetic energy. James Watt is considered to be a leading inventor of a steam engine, but there are numerous successors, who were improving it decade after decade. This invention had a dramatic impact on the world industry allowing factories to be free from water power, developing coal industry, increasing the speed of trains and becoming a core of modern transportation system.

Electric light is another crucial invention that influenced the development of the mankind. Thomas Edison managed to invent a light bulb lasting for 1,500 hours, while William David Coolidge is credited as the inventor of incandescent bulb familiar to us.

A telephone is one more revolutionary idea for people’s communication. Though the idea of it is rather simple, it took many years to realize it in real life. Michael Faraday, Johann Reis, Alexander Graham Bell have worked on the telephone equipment and the last inventor managed to reach his target and even founded the first telephone company. This company is also regarded to have developed the first mobile phones for police and later set the pace for cells development.

The television set has greatly changed the world with its appearance. Though all people think that black and white TV is considered to be the first public television, colour moving images did not follow behind and appeared before full functionality of black-and-white TV sets. Their appearance changed the way of life of many people, who changed their habits forever in favour of interesting and exciting TV programs.

It is impossible not to remember a refrigerator as one of really impressive inventions. Though its appearance is connected with many names, the concept of a refrigerator originates from 1800s. The greatness of this invention implies the ability to prolong life of many products in cold environment and it has given a stimulus for the development of food production industry on a new higher level.

It goes without saying that modern people can’t imagine their life without computers and the Internet. Being a commonplace in most of contemporary homes today, it is quite difficult to imagine that the first computer appeared only about 50 years ago and now it has changed completely. Based on two important innovations such as the integrated circuit (интегральная схема) and the microprocessor the computer began performing logical calculations and surprised people with its intelligence. The first desktop computer for everyday use was manufactured in 1974 and its popularity was enormous. Apple computers by Stephen Wozniack and Steven Jobs got the first world’s computer system. The next step in computer development was IBM PC with a more powerful and faster processor. Gradually, the competition between companies resulted in a constant development of the machine for this revolutionary invention not to lose its popularity.

No doubt that the Internet is one of the most recent and essential inventions of the mankind. This network aims at connection of thousands of other smaller networks that create a global network. Created by the Americans in 1973 it was initially used for connection of University networks and spread to Europe only in 1989. What is the Internet exactly? It is an interconnection between various networks established across optical fibres, telephone lines and radio links. Each particular machine has a unique address. The necessary data travels from one gateway to another till its destination machine. The Internet is an indispensable helper with the wealth of diverse information available at the click of a mouse and provided thousands of different opportunities to all people.
These are only some of the greatest world’s inventions worth mentioning. They have determined the way of humanity development and set the grounds for further innovations.

We are what we eat. My favourite food (11 form)

For some people food is a source of pleasure, for others it’s a source of energy. For me food is a pleasant source of energy. I think that pleasant food is healthy food. To my mind healthy food should be quite simple. I eat complicated dishes only in restaurants. As I do not change my daily dishes, I very seldom have stomach problems. Actually I think that the simpler food is, the better is its taste.

My daily meals consist of different dishes every day. First of all I would like to say that my diet is quite balanced. I’m not usually hungry when I wake up, so I don’t eat much before I go to school. I always have cereal with milk and honey for breakfast. Sometimes I have a boiled egg, a sandwich with cheese and a cup of tea. I have lunch at school. It is a bar of chocolate, a bun and juice. For dinner I have chicken or mushroom soup and sauerkraut (['sauəkraut] кисла капуста). For desserts I have tea with lemon and some biscuits. For supper I have baked fish or meat with pasta or rice. I also like different kinds of salads, dressed with olive oil or sour cream. Then I eat fruit. I like apples, pineapples, oranges, pears and plums. In summer I also enjoy eating melons, watermelons, strawberries and raspberries.

I love all kinds of milk products, especially yoghurt, cottage cheese and cheese. As for sea products I prefer caviar, shrimps, salmon and trout. I usually drink down food with natural juice or mineral water. I have tea with milk chocolate or home-made jams.

We do not buy ready or semi-manufactured food products, because this is unhealthy. It is better to spend some time cooking, than to have problems with overweight and heart.

The national cuisine reflects the richness of traditions of Ukrainian people. The most popular and well-known Ukrainian dish is surely borshch, an aromatic and appetizing cabbage-soup of about 20 ingredients. It may be cooked with beef, chicken or pork, baked beets, beans and even mushrooms. Borshch is served as the main course with pampushki. These are soft buns soaked in garlic. Traditional in the Ukrainian menu are varenyky, a type of boiled dumplings with various fillings such as cherries, strawberries, fried mushrooms, curd and chopped liver. Ukrainians also enjoy golubtsy. These are cabbage rolls stuffed with minced meat.

Bread and wheat products are very important in Ukrainian cuisine. Paska is a traditional Easter bread. The proud of Ukrainian people is wheat bread, sweet-smelling and light. There are no holidays without pies, nalysnyky (very thin pancakes), syrnyky (fried cheese pancakes, usually served with sour cream, honey, or jam) and honey cakes. Uzvar is traditional compote made of dried fruit, mainly apples, pears and prunes.

If you have an occasion to be at the Ukrainian home, you will be charmed by the sincere warmth of hosts and homemade food.

Social Networking Sites in Our Life (11 form)

In recent years social media has become deeply integrated in our everyday lives. The concept of social media itself includes several categories: blogs, live journals, forums, chats, dating sites and, of course, social networking sites or SNS. Essentially, they all are platforms for people’s remote communication, for example, exchange of different types of information: text messages, music, photo and video content. The most popular with the young people are social networking sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Vkontakte and so on.

On the one hand, a social network is a very convenient tool for a quick message exchange, searching for old friends and making new acquaintances, keeping important information and discussing pressing issues in groups, right in the comfort of one’s home.

On the other hand, psychologists and psychiatrists of the world ring alarm bells: social networking addiction too often becomes the cause of serious mental and nervous disorders, such as depression, social isolation, autism, and even suicide attempts of teenagers and young people. To my mind, social networking sites can be both useful and dangerous depending on who and how uses them. And I want to try to analyze their advantages and disadvantages.

First and foremost, social networking sites are very convenient for those who need to keep in touch with people living in different cities or different countries. Using such a site you can quickly create a group chat, send necessary files to several people, share photos and videos, or even launch a videoconference. And all this is absolutely free!

Social networks can become a great solution for people with disabilities or those who for some reason have to stay at home all the time. In some situations they can completely substitute a real-life communication and help such people not to feel lonely or socially isolated. Numerous special interest groups let them find friends and interesting dialogue partners.

Sometimes social networking sites help to find really precious and useful information. In different groups people from all over the world discuss various issues, share their personal experiences, provide useful links, write comments and reviews for goods and services. You in turn can ask any question and get answers from different people. Also social networks give a great opportunity to distribute any information within the shortest possible time. Many people today learn news from SNS. If something really important happened, the best way to inform people of this is to post the information in some popular Facebook groups.

Finally, thanks to social networking sites, you will never lose information about your friends and other important people. You don’t need to keep in mind their dates of birth and phone numbers any more. At any moment you can check up this information via your smartphone. You will never lose your favourite films or music as well, because you can save them on your personal page with a single click of a mouse.

This was one side of the coin. Unfortunately, there is another one, which is not so bright. For a great number of children and teenagers social networks today have almost completely substituted real life. Some of them spend so much time online that the distinction between life and virtual reality for them becomes blurred (not clear). As a result, children suffer from the lack of live communication, though they even don’t realize it. It inevitably causes mental disorders, influences their health and spirits, and prevents their normal socialization.

Another major problem associated with social networking sites is leakage of information. Posting any personal information, you can never know for sure where it will reemerge. Anyone can use your personal photos, and in most cases you cannot prevent it. Even if you think that your personal page is protected with a safe password, you are mistaken, because good hackers can break it at one stroke.

Moreover, apart from useful content, any social network contains tons of useless, hazardous and dangerous information, which is easily accessible to children. Violence, erotic, propaganda of drugs and other forbidden content is regularly deleted by moderators, but it appears again too quickly for them to cope with it.

So, summing it up, I’d like to say that social networking sites could be rather useful if all the people used them for their intended purpose – for communicating, searching for friends and sharing information with them. Also, to my mind, caring parents should limit their children’s access to social media, and regularly check up their actions in the Internet. Otherwise, social networks can make a real harm to children’s and teenagers’ minds.

Ecotourism (9 form)

Overpopulation, industrialization, urbanization and environmental pollution have disastrous effects on nature and wildlife. That is why nowadays many people try to damage the environment as little as possible. Ecotourism means travelling to natural destinations with rare flora and fauna. Its main goal is to conserve the environment and to improve the well-being of local people.
In my opinion, ecotourism gives us an opportunity to broaden our mind, to discover new ways of life, to meet interesting people and to improve our knowledge of history and geography It provides funds for conservation and jobs to local people because tourists use local transportation, hotels and markets. Besides, ecotourism helps people understand the environment around them, makes them respect different cultures and be careful with nature.

However, ecotourism may have some negative aspects. The increasing number of tourists may damage the local environment. Some tourists don't understand the negative consequences of their visits. Many of them don't know how to behave and don't follow the main rule of ecotourism 'Leave nothing behind you except footprints and take nothing away except photographs'. They pollute drinking water, pick up rare flowers, disturb wild animals, purchase souvenirs made from the skin of endangered animals or leaves of rare plants. Searching for 'untouched places' tourists move off the beaten path and scare away animals.

First and foremost, ecotourism is education. That is why before visiting some remote area tourists should learn as much as they can about its flora, fauna, local people, history, culture and traditions. It is also useful to learn a few words of the local language. The more information you learn, the more you will get out of your trip. It is very important to be open-minded and respectful.

Don't forget about conservation and careful attitude to the environment in your everyday life. Follow the rule, 'Preserve and improve'. And remember that Nature is very fragile and we ought to take great care of it like a loving mother who takes great care of her only child.

Speaking (9 form)

Environmental Protection

The Earth is the only planet that people can live on, but nowadays they seem to be doing everything to make their home unfit for living. Industrialization has brought us into conflict with the natural environment. Our planet is in danger. Air, water and land pollution have disastrous consequences which threaten human life on Earth.

In my opinion, very much can be done by an average citizen. People have to be smart about such things as driving a car or using electricity. Whenever we drive a car, we add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. To make our planet cleaner and to use less energy we can try carpooling. That is when three people go together in one car instead of driving three cars to work. We can also use public transport, ride a bike, or walk. People can save electricity by turning off lights, TV-sets and computers. We can use less washing up liquids to keep the water clean. We can also plant trees, bushes, flowers. We can feed birds in winter. Besides, we can buy products grown locally that don't use much energy or don’t need to be transported.

I strongly believe that everybody can help recycle waste by collecting litter and by sorting rubbish into different categories. Paper, glass and plastic can be sold to recycling companies. Recycled waste can be made into new products and it can help save natural resources. Some waste can also be used to produce electricity. In my opinion, it would be great if recycling centres paid people for the rubbish they brought in because recycling is an interesting and profitable business.

But a lot of people still think that there is little they can do to help the environment. They are sure that it is the duty of the government and big companies to make our planet cleaner: to recycle waste materials, to protect rare animals and plants, to install antipollution equipment and so on. But they are wrong. Everybody must take part in reducing pollution.

To conclude, the Earth is the place where we live, it is our home and our task is to protect it and value all that it gives us. If we want to be healthy, to drink clean water and to breathe fresh air, we should take care of the environment and help to improve our life on Earth. We should give a chance to next generations to live in a peaceful and beautiful home.

READING ( 7 Form)

 SWIFT AND HIS SERVANT

Jonathan Swift, a famous English writer, was one day travelling on horseback with a servant. The weather was bad; it was raining and the roads were muddy. In the evening the two men came to an inn. Before going to bed, Swift told his servant to clean his boots as they were dirty. But the servant was very lazy and did not do what his master had said.

The next morning when Swift saw the dirty boots, he asked the servant why he had not executed the order. ”The roads are muddy. What is the use of cleaning the boots now? They will soon be dirty again,” the servant answered.

Swift didn’t say anything and soon told the servant to get ready because they would start at once. But the servant looked very displeased and said that he had not eaten his breakfast yet. Swift answered that they would go without any breakfast. ”What is the use of eating now? You will be hungry again”, he said.

SWIFT AND HIS SERVANT

1.                  Jonathan Swift was a(an) ______ English writer.

A. well-known           B. busy           C. unpopular   D. difficult

2.                  The weather was ____.

A. sunny         B. not very good     C. frosty D. dangerous

3.                  The servant seemed to dislike ...

A. his master                                      C. cleaning shoes

B. work                                                          D. bad weather

4.                  Swift’s servant was _____.

A. kind                                                          C. responsible

B. not hard-working                                        D. polite

5.                  The next morning the boots were _____.

A. clean                                                         C. sold

B. dirty                                                          D. dry

6.                  The servant tried _______.

A. to make excuses                            C. to make Swift clean his boots himself

B. to clean the boots                          D. to run away

7.                  The roads were really ______.

A. clean                      B. muddy                          C. dry                          D. good

8.                  Swift ______.

A. said nothing                                              C. punished the servant

B. argued with the servant                              D. wanted the servant to go away

9.                  The servant was _____.

A. relaxed                                                      C. happy

B. tired                                                          D. unhappy

10.              Swift didn’t let his servant ______.

A. go home                                                     C. eat his breakfast

B. take his boots                                            D. go to bed

II. Answer the questions.

1.      Is it a funny story?                               2. Why do you think so?

Module 11 “Mind matters”

Prior to, unconvinced, initially, interpretation, potential, miraculously, prediction, to come to light, to come in handy, to come into effect, to come to terms, to come into power, to come of age, counsellor, depressing, imagination, mentor, to influence, genius, homesickness, common, mental, strong, vivid, stimulating, range, impression, immature, sport facilities, job opportunities, dead-end job, unemployed, eligible, scholarship, to apply, racing car, to manufacture, to award, grateful.

Module 12 “Health and fitness”

To show up, to cut out, to hang out, to take up, to stick with, to be caught up, eyelash, forehead, nostril, chin, eyebrow, thigh, belly, lungs, intestines, basil, peppermint, cinnamon, lavender, jasmine, rosemary, aromatherapy, substance, essential oil, to bring up, to bring about, to bring around, to bring back, to bring in, to put in a good mood, to control weight, balanced diet, to keep in shape, anxiety related illness, to unwind, tension, mud therapy, diving course, marine, to explore, to take into consideration, coral reef, to ensure, once-in-a-lifetime, enthusiast, subscriber, to give away, acupuncture, collaborative, cover letter.

Переможцем (ІІ місце) у Всеукраїнській олімпіаді із англійської мови, яка проходила у Івано-Франківську, стала Зуєва Наталя, ліцеїст ІІ курсу профілю української філології, вчитель Карпова Тетяна Олексіївна.

                                                                          

Ми щиро радіємо вашій спільній перемозі, дякуємо за творення іміджу школи, високий рівень, працелюбство і цілеспрямованість. Вітаємо!

                                                                                                                             Нетішинський НВК

                                                                                              

Module 10 “Get the message”

Rapid, illuminated, sophisticated, representative, cluster, determine, extraterrestrial, universe, mankind, benefit, controversial, worth, to satisfy, curiosity, to be convinced, indicate, existence, to persuade, mirror, significant, solar system, fascination, peak, height, top, notice, remark, observe, signal, sign, symbol, gesture, faint, regain consciousness, inherit, addition, exception, comparison, approximately, in case, despite, though, purpose, complicated, memorise, embarrassment, guilty, hostile, for instance, hygiene, submarine, surgeon, come about, come into, come around, come up against, to maintain, to do with, facial, to prolong, to sit upright, to be all ears, to get cold feet, down in the mouth, to have heart in the mouth, to keep head, to break a leg, to be all fingers and thumbs, flyer, distribute, litter, waste, land line, health hazard, advanced, obstruct horizon, to undergo, superficial, ease, advent, to overuse, to socialize, to maintain, to log off, to occur, ancestry, respectively, booth, to highlight, annual.

Pros and cons of being a celebrity (2)

There are a seven billion people in the world. They all have dreams. Someone wants to be happy, someone wants to be loved, someone wants to be rich and famous, but not everyone can reach his goals. However, if our dreams come true we should remember that we have to pay for everything we have achieved. The striking example is life of celebrities. Most of them wanted to be famous since childhood, but were they ready to pay the price of fame? “Once you have money and fame, the next thing you should expect is scandal and shame”, said Michael Bassey Johnson. So, is it good to be famous or it only looks like it is?

First of all, it is fame and glory. Everyone knows you, everyone wants to be you. You are always the centre of attention. Yes, it is a great feeling. Your name is on the headlines of tabloids and broadsheet. Your face is flooding all screens, channels and billboards.  The second thing is money. Yes, you have a lot of money! Perhaps, it gives you some illusion of independence, confidence and freedom. You can buy almost everything you want. You are the fashion icon for your fans, because you can afford to wear designer labels. Moreover, you can travel where you want to and see the world. It is a really great benefit of being a celebrity.

On the other hand, you have no privacy. You are always in the public eye. All your moves and all words you say are under the watchful eye of cameras. The paparazzi follow you wherever you will go. They try to get into your private life to spread rumors or to make some new scandal. Also, many of celebrities suffer from depression because of stressful job. Furthermore, they often feel like they are alone and it causes drug addiction, alcoholism. They spend a lot of money for rehab and psychologists. Most of them hide their pain and despair under the mask of a bright white smile.

In conclusion, we should say being a celebrity also has its pros and cons. If we choose this way we have to be ready to face with all disadvantages too. We should know for what we go. And I’d like to finish with words of Fred Allen: ”A celebrity is a person who works hard all of their life to become well known, and then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized.“